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عمومی::
مهارت ارتباطی
According to Canale and Swain (1980), communicative competence consists of four major components: (1) grammatical competence, (2) sociolinguistic competence, (3) discourse competence, and (4) strategic competence.
Metaphoric competence is an integral com- ponent of a learners' overall L2 communicative competence.
Although vocabulary is an essential component of a learner's communicative competence (Schmitt, 2008) for decades its place was at the periphery of language teaching (Meara, 1980).
On the other hand, Canale & Swain (1980) identified three components of communicative competence, grammatical competence (= knowledge of formal aspects of the target language), sociolinguistic competence (= familiarization with sociocultural aspects and rules of discourse) and strategic competence (= knowledge of strategies useful activated when the L2 learners is confronted with communication gaps).
Taking a neurolinguistic perspective and building on the claims made by Ullman's (2005) declarative/procedural model (cf. 2.1) our findings could probably be related to the fact that females would be reluctant and more motivated to draw their attention on language structures (such as metaphor and idioms) which have been proved to foster communicative competence in an L2.
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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
قابلیت ارتباطی
communicative competence is impaired due to hearing
Equally, it is predicted that these correlations are influenced by the children's level of communicative competence in that children with higher communica- tive competences perform better executive functioning and show fewer behavioral problems.
Communicative Competence Scale.
To measure the children's communicative competence, we used a scale that we had devised and that has proven to be reliable in previous studies (Hintermair, 2007; Hintermair, Krieger, & Mayr, 2011).
Relations Between Executive Functions, Behavioral Problems, and Communicative Competence
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